FUNGSI TO BE

da beberapa langkah yang harus dipahami jika ingin berbicara, menulis bahasa Inggris, dan memahami English textbook dengan benar. Langkah-langkah tersebut sbb:

I. Mengetahui Fungsi to BE

Sering berhadapan dengan to be ketika membaca English textbook dan seringkali terlupakan apa makna to be tersebut To be kalau dipecah menjadi are, am, is untuk bentuk present ,artinya kejadian itu masih berlaku sampai saat ini sedangkan untukl bentuk past tense-nya was, were yang mana kejadian tersebut tidak berlaku lagi dan hanya merupakan kenangan. To be mempunyai arti yang berbeda-beda tergantung siapa yang mengikutinya,apakah kata kerja (verb), kata benda (noun), dan kata sifat (adjective). Arti to be dan formulanya sbb:

1. Adalah

S + are, am, is, was, were + kata benda (noun)

Jika setelah Subjek diikuti are, am, is, was, were (to be) dan kata benda, maka to be itu artinya “adalah.”

Contoh:

a. He is sole destributor here.

Kita urai kalimat di atas. Mengapa setelah kata he diikuti is? Karena:

1) subjeknya (he) dan kalau S- nya they, to be nya are,

2) sole distributor (distributor tunggal) merupakan kata benda, sehingga perlu to be. Jika frase sole distributor diganti dengan kata kerja bentuk kesatu dan kedua, maka tidak perlu to be (He distributed these goods yesterday).

3) sampai saat ini ‘he’ masih seorang sole destributor, kecuali kalau dia sekarang tidak lagi seorang sole distributor, maka kalimatnya menjadi ‘He was sole distributor’.

b. He was a debt collector at WOM Finance.

Perhatikan kata was yang mempunya arti adalah karena diikuti oleh kata benda (debt collector) namun to be (was) akan berubah makna menjadi “dulu” sehingga kalimat di atas kalau diartikan “Dia dulu seorang penagih di WOM Finance ( sekarang tidak lagi menjadi seorang penagih)

c. Bagaimana kalau berbicara “akan menjadi _NOUN, dapat menjadi ____, seharusnya menjadi ____, harus menjadi_____., ingin nberada _____. Perhatikan rumus di bawah ini:

S + will, shall + be + noun : _____ akan menjadi_______

S + can + be + be + noun : _____ dapat menjadi _______

S + must + be + noun : _____ harus menjadi ______

S + should + be + noun : _____ seharusnya menjadi ______

S + want to + be + noun : _____ ingin menjadi ______

e.g. : I shall be an employee at PT. KH.

One of my friends must be a good marketing manager.

You should be a house keeper, not a driver.

Ani can be a presenter as she is good at communication.

I want to be civil officer.

She is going to be an army.

He will be a professional distributor.

2. Ada atau Berada

S + are, am, is, was, were + adverb of place

e.g. I was in Singapore when I was child.

Where were you this morning? I was at home this morning.

Where is Ani? She is at the office.

Is she at home?

3. Bagaimana kalau berbicara “akan berada _____, dapat berada ____, seharusnya berada ____, harus berada____., ingin berada ________. Perhatikan rumus di bawah ini:

S + will, shall + be + ket. tempat : _____ akan berada _______

S + can + be + be + ket. tempat : _____ dapat berada _______

S + must + be + ket. tempat : _____ harus berada ______

S + should + be + ket. tempat : _____ seharusnya _______

S + want to + be + ket. tempat : _____ ingin berada ______

e.g. : I shall be an employee at PT. KH.

One of my friends must be a good marketing manager.

You should be a house keeper, not a driver.

Ani can be a presenter as she is good at communication.

I want to be civil servant.

She is going to be an army.

He will be a professional cooker.

Contoh:

1) I can be a debt collector

2) Hably must be here right now

3) Ishell will be smart.

Perhatikan, setelah kata can,must, will diikuti oleh “be” bukan are,am, is. Karena, bila setelah modal tidak boleh diikuti oleh kata “to” seperti ‘I must to be here’, dan kata kerja bantu are, am, is, seprti “She must is clever” Kesimpulan bila ada modal tidak boleh diikuti are, am.,is tetapi bila mau diikuti, gunakan be.

4) I am in the office now. (Saya berada di kantor sekarang.)

5) I was in the office this morning. (Tadi pagai, saya berada di kantor.)

6) She wants to be at your hause.

7) There is a letter on my desk.

8) You were at Ani’s house two weeks ago

4. Pelengkap

S + can, must, shall, will, can, must, should, want to + be + adjective : sebagai pelengkap

Maksudnya “be” tersebut hanya sebagai pelengkap. Bila “be” diletakkan antara modal dan adjective, maka be tersebut tidak mempunyai arti, seprti; ada, berada ataupun akan menjadi, tetapi be tersebut tdk mempunyai arti sama sekali, akan tetapi hanya sebgai pelengkap. jika tidak ada be, maka kalimat tersebut tidak benar.

Contoh:

I must be calm to present my paper.( Saya harus kalem untuk mempresentasikan makalah saya.) Anda tidak menulis I must calm atau I must am calm

II. Fungsi to HAVE

Bila akan berbicara “mempunyai, telah atau sudah, dan harus atau ingin menterjemahkan kata have, has, atau had (bentuk lampau),maka harus dilihat siapa pengikutnya: apakah to infinitive (verb 1)? apakah kata benda? dan apakah past participle (verb3)? Lebih rinci, lihat fungsi to have di bawah ini:

1. Mempunyai:

Bila berbicara sudah atau telah, maka rumus yang digunakan:

S + have/has / had + noun: mempunyai.

Contoh:

1) I have five subordinaries and they are at different position.

Artinya: Saya mempunyai anakbuah lima orang dan mereka di posisi yang berbeda-beda. Kata they menggantikan five subordinaries.

2) The company employs 200 workers and it has high profit .

Artinya: Perusahaan itu memperkejakan 200 pekerja dan perusahaan tersebut mempunyai untung yang tinggi. Kata it pengganti the company sehingga tidak mengulang kata the company setelah and, seperti; The company employs 200 workers and the company has high profit .

2. Telah /Sudah

Berbicara sudah atau telah tanpa ada keterang waktu kapan terjadinya, yang pasti sudah terasa hasilnya, sepert; "saya sudah membaca buku itu". Kapan membacanya tidak jelas, namun saya tahu isi buku tersebut. Penulisannya dalam bahasa Inggris sbb: I have read the book.

S + have/ has/ had + V3 : telah/ sudah

Contoh:

1) I have sustained the growth of our branches offices to achieve the target.

Artinya: Saya sudah menopang pertumbuhan untuk mencapai target di cabang kantor kita. Kapan menopangnya? tidak disebutkan. Akan tetapi, bila akan menyebutkan kapan kegiatan itu dilakukan, maka menggunakan keterangan waktu seperti; last week ( last …), two weeks ago ( …… ago), yesterday dan kata kerja yang digunakan bentuk kedua.

Contoh:

2) I decided to leave the meeting last Monday as there was no final decision.

Artinya: Saya memutuskan untuk meninggalkan pertemuan Senin kemarin karena tidak ada keputusan akhir.

3. Harus

Bila mengatakan "harus" sering menggunakan must atau be + kata kerja pertama menggunakan to ( I am to leave now) saya harus meninggalkan sekarang. Namun juga bisa menggunakan fungsi to have.

S + have/ has/ had + to infinitive : harus

e.g. She has to report her achievement. Dia harus melaporkan pencapaiannya.

All members of staff, including top managers, have to be in the meeting on time.

4. Causative ( meneyebabkan orang lain melakukan sesuatu)

S+ have/has + something + V3

Contoh:

1. I have my management system improved.

Artinya: Saya telah memperbaiki sistemmanajemen saya.. Pengertian kalimat tersebut, bukan saya yg memperbaiki tetapi orang lain yg memperbaiki, saya hanya menyuruh.

2. I have may car repaired: Saya telah memperbaiki mobil saya ( orang lain yang memperbaiki, mungkin mekanik atau orang lain)

III. Membuat kalimat APAKAH

Bahasa Indonesia, kalimat peratanyaan dimulai dengan "apakah" dan”apa”, keduanya memelikimakna yang sama. Namun dalam bahasa Inggris, kalimat pertanyaan yang sepadan dengan “apakah” dimulai dengan are,am, is, was, were dan do does, did. Adapun formulanya sbb:

1. Do, Does, Did + S + Verb + ?

e.g. Do you know how to raise about 80 million for the company?

Artinya: Apakah anda tahu bagaimana untuk menaikan perndapatan kira-kira 80 million untuk perusaahaan?

Penjelasan: Mengapa kalimat pertanyaan itu dimulai dengan Do? Karena :

Subjeknya you, kalau subjeknya She maka menggunakan does.

Kata know merupakan kata kerja dan Pertanyaan itu masih berlaku.

Did she go to Jakarta yesterday? Apakah dia pergi ke Jakarta kemarin. Mengapa pakai did? karena kejadiannya sudah lampau (kemarin) dan lagi kata go merupakan kata kerja. Pende kata, jika membuat kalimat pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan kata “apakah” mulailah dengan Do, Does,atau Did jika setelah subjek itu kata kerja. Tetapi jika setelah subjek itu diluar kata kerja (noun, adjective ) mulailah dengan are,am, Is, Was, atau Were seperti di bawah ini.

2. Are, Am, Is, Was, Were + S + diluar kata kerja

Are you good at marketing? apakah anda hebat dalam marketing?

Penjelasan kenapa pakai are? karena; 1) subjeknya you, 2) good at marketing bukan kata kerja.

Is your financial report suitable that expected? Apakah alaporan keuangan anda sesuia dengan yang diharapkan?

3. Membuat kalimat APAKAH di tengah kalimat

Bagaimana bila kata apakah itu posisinya ditengah-tengah kalimat, apakh masih menggunakan are,am,is do, does? Misalkan, Sya tidak tahu apakah jajaran manajer bisa memperbaiki manajemen atau tidak.. Tentu tidak bisa mengatakan “I don’t know are the boards of manager can improve the management system or not”. Jika menemukan kasus semacam ini gunakan kaata if atau whether. Jadi kalimat ynag betul “I don’t know whether the boards of manager can improve the management system

IV. Membuat kalimat tanya dengan WH²-QUESTIONS

(What, Where, When, Why, How, Who, Whose, Which)

No	Wh²- Questions	AV	S
1			I		*like*	*the old one*
2			I	don’t	like	the old one
3		do	you		like	the old one?
4	What	do	You		like?
	What machine	do	you		like?
5			*Ani*		*lives*	*In Bandung*
6			Ani	doesn’t	live	In Bandung
7		does	Ani		live	In Bandung
8	Where	does	Ani		live?
9	Where	will	You	be	tomorrow

10			*She*		*came late*	*yesterday*
11			she	didn’t	come late	Yestreday?
12		did	she		come late	Yesterday?
13	How	did	she		come late	Yesterday?
14	Why	did	She		come late	Yesterday?
15	When	did	She		come late?
	How long	will	she		complete	this job?
	How often	does	Ishell		come	to the office?
16	How	can	you		be?

17			*John*		*works*	*in a bank*
18			John	doesn’t	work	in a bank
19		does	John		work	in a bank?
20	Why	does	John		work	in a bank?
21	Who				works	in a bank?
22	Where	does	John		work?

23			*She*	Is	*10 minutes late*
24			She	Is not	10 minute late
		Is	She		10 minute late
25	Why	Is	She		10 minutes ate?

26			*Ani*	*Will*	*choose*	*the red one*
27			Ani	won’t	choose	the red one
28		will	Ani		choose	the red one
29	Which one	will	Ani		choose?
30			It	Is	*mine*
31			It	isn’t	mine
32		is	it		yours?
33	Whose	is	It?
34	Whose pen	is	It?

Terjemahkam ke dalam bahasa Inggris:

1. Mengapa anda datang terlambat kemarin?

2. Bagaimana itu bisa terjadi?

3. Dimana anda menyimpan kunci saya?

4. Seberapa sering anda mengecek laporan keuangan?

5. Yang mana yang akan anda beli?

6. File siapa yang berada di atas meja itu?

7. Berapa lama anda akan tinggal di Jakarata?

8. Kapan mereka meneyelesaikan tugasnya?

9. Bagaiman anda bisa memperbaiki laporan keuangan itu jika tidak belajar?

10. Tipe mesin apa yang akan anda beli jika anda mempunyai uang?

11. Saya seorang karyawan PT. Sinar.

12. Saya tinggal di Bandung.

13. Mereka telah menyerahkan laporan bulannan.

14. Dia harus berada di kantor besok pagi.

15. Saya harus menukar mesin lama dengan mesin baru sekarang juga.

16. Bisakah anda menganalisa laporan keuangan setiap bulan?

17. Apakah mereka membuat kesalahan dalam membuat laporan?

18. Apakah dia tidak hadir di pertemuan kemarin?

SUBJECT

V. Bagaimana mengenali Subject?

Berbicara, menulis atau menterjemahkan tidak terlepas dengan subjek. kalAu apa saja yang bias digunkan sebagai subjek mungkin selama ini yang dikenal hanya I, You, We,They,She,He tetapi masih ada yang lainnya yang bisa digunakan sebagai subjek, sbb:

1) Kata benda

You must keep staff motivated, especially when things get difficult.

2) Bentuk ………ING (ing form)

Analysing the financial report should be performed monthly.

3) To infinitive, kata kerja bentuk pertama yong menggunakan

To analyse the financial report need two hours.

4) There, sebagai subject tidak diartikan "disana" tetapi sebagai pelengkap

There are options given.

5) IT

It is difficult time to sell new product.

Bentuk Ing form setelah preposisi:

setelah preposisi, seperti: after, before, in, on, at dll datang bentuk kata kerja atau to be, maka kata kerja atau to be tersebut berubah menjadi ing form.

contoh:

1. These goods have been checked before being sent.

2. I will give them reward after knowing their sales achievement

Comprehending the Following Paragraphs and Find their Subjects

The life cycle of viruses differs greatly between species but there are six basic stages in the life cycle of viruses:^[78]

Attachment is a specific binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface. This specificity determines the host range of a virus. For example, HIV infects only human T cells, because its surface protein, gp120, can interact with CD4 and receptors on the T cell's surface. This mechanism has evolved to favour those viruses that only infect cells in which they are capable of replication. Attachment to the receptor can induce the viral-envelope protein to undergo changes that results in the fusion of viral and cellular membranes.
Penetration follows attachment; viruses enter the host cell through receptor mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion. This is often called viral entry. The infection of plant cells is different from that of animal cells. Plants have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and viruses can only get inside the cells after trauma to the cell wall.^[79] Viruses such as tobacco mosaic virus can also move directly in plants, from cell to cell, through pores called plasmodesmata.^[80] Bacteria, like plants, have strong cell walls that a virus must breach to infect the cell. Some viruses have evolved mechanisms that inject their genome into the bacterial cell while the viral capsid remains outside.^[81]
Uncoating is a process in which the viral capsid is degraded by viral enzymes or host enzymes thus releasing the viral genomic nucleic acid.
Replication involves synthesis of viral messenger RNA (mRNA) for viruses except positive sense RNA viruses (see above), viral protein synthesis and assembly of viral proteins and viral genome replication.
Following the assembly of the virus particles, post-translational modification of the viral proteins often occurs. In viruses such as HIV, this modification (sometimes called maturation) occurs after the virus has been released from the host cell.^[82]
Viruses are released from the host cell by lysis—a process that kills the cell by bursting its membrane. Enveloped viruses (e.g., HIV) typically are released from the host cell by budding. During this process the virus acquires its envelope, which is a modified piece of the host's plasma membrane.

PASSIVE VOICE

Kita sering berbicara dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan menggunakan bentuk pasif seperti: di, sedang di, telah/sudah di, belum di, harus di, dapat di, akan di, apakah di?, dimana di?, mengapa di?, bagaiman di? dst. Ternyata dalam bahasa Inggris pun ada bentuk-bentuk semacam itu. seperti rumus di bawah ini:

a. S + are, am, is, was, were + Verb 3 + (by) + Object :di

One of my staffs repaired the old machine the last week (active)

The old machine was repaired by one of my staffs the last week (passive) .

1. Lip stick is always dominated by L'OREAL

2. Lip sticks are always dominated by L'OREAL

3. Lip stick was dominated by L'OREAL the last year

4. Lip sticks were dominated by L'OREAL the last year

Penjelasan

Kenapa kal. no.1 pakai is : pertama, lip stick-nya tunggal, kalau lip stiknya jamak seperti no. 2 , maka pakai are., kedua ada kata always yang menyatakan bahwa sampai saat ini masih berlaku ( maksudnya produk lip stik masih didomonasi oleh L'OREAL Namun jika lip stick itu tdak lagi didominasi oleh L'OREAL dan hanya merupakan sejarah saja, maka kalimatnya seperti no. 3 dan 4. ketiga karena bentuk pasif. Sedangkan kata always mempunyai sobat seperti: never. often, seldom, usually, sometimes, sehingga kata-kata ini bisa menempati posisi kata always. Namun bila keterangan waktu ditambahkan pada no.1&2, maka keterangan waktu yang digunakan sbb: every …(bisa every time, every day, dst), now and then (kadang-kadang) karena kalimat 1&2 bentuk present. sedangkan keterangan waktu untuk no. 3&4 seperti: last …(bisa lastweek, last sunday, dst), …. ago ( bisa two weeks ago, two hours ago, dst) karena bentuk past tense.

b. S+ are, am, is, was, were + being + Verb 3 + (by) + O: sedang di.

Sedang di

Sedang di mempunyai dua pengertian, yaitu: sedang di pada saat ini yang bila diikuti dengan keterangan waktu, maka keterangan waktu tersebut sbb: now, at the present time (waktu saat ini)

Contoh: The board managers are discussing new policy company now.(active)

New policy is being discussed by them now.(Passive)

dan sedang di pada saat itu yang bila diikuti ketrangan waktu, maka ditandai dengan keterangan waktu at the time.)

Contoh:

1) When you came to my house, your proposal was being discussed.

2) Your order was being delivered at the time.

Bila ada suatu kejadian yang terjadi bersamaan diwaktu lampau, maka kejadian yang pertama menggunakan bentuk sedang me (S+was, were + V-ing) bila bentuk aktif dan sedang di (rumus poin b di atas) bila bentuk pasif dan kejadian kedua menggunakan bentuk past tense ( bentuk lampau). Poin c no.1 di atas merupakan contoh, mana kejadian yang pertama antara diskusi dengan Anda datang ke rumah ku?, ternyata kejadian yang pertama diskusi dulu dan kejadian kedua Anda datang ke rumah ku, maka kejadian yang pertama gunakan bentuk past continues tense dan bentuk kedua gunakan past tense.

Contoh: Ketika pesanan anda dikirm, anda memutuskan untuk membatalakan. Duluan mana antara pesanan anda dikirim dan Anda memutuskan untuk membatalkan. Jelas duluan pesanan Anda.lalu diikutii oleh Anda memutuskan untukmembatalkan. Maka kejadian yang pertama bentuk past continuous tense dan kejadian kedua bentuk past tense,seperti di bawah ini:

When your order was being delivered, you decidec to cancel.

kejadian pertama kejadian kedua

sedangkan untuk pemakaian are, am is , was, were sama seperti poin a di atas: are mengikuti bentuk jamak yang sering ditandai dengan huruf s (items), is mengikluti bentuk tunggal, sedangkan was mengikuti bentuk tunggal namun kejadian sudah berlalu dan were mrngikuti bentuk jamak dan juga peristiwanya sudah berlalu.

c. S+ have, has + been + Verb 3 + (by) + Object : telah/ sudah di

telah/ sudah di …….

The marketing manager has sold new products exceed the target (active)

New products have been sold by the marketing manager (him) ex ceed the target (passive).

bila kita bicara sudah di atau belum di maka rumus yang digunakan poin c. hanya has mengikuti bentuk tunggal (she, he, it, Hably) sedangkan have mengikuti bentuk jamak.

Contoh:

1. These products have been delivered by him.

2. This product hasn't been delivered by him.

d. S+ shall, will, should , would+ be+ Verb 3 + (by) + O : akan di

akan di ……….

Contoh:

1. They shall deliver these goods by the end of this month (active)

2. These goods shall be delivered by them by the end of this month.

Shall dan will (bentuk present) sedangkan should dan would bentuk past tense, bisa digunakan untuk sembarang subject dan kepastian dilakukan belum tentu karena masih tahap rencana. oleh karena itu bila rencana itu pasti dilakukan maka gunakan rumus:

e. S + is, are, was, were + going + to be + V3 + (by): akan di

akan di

Contoh:

These product are going to be deliverd the next Monday.

sedangkan keterangan waktu yang mengikuti bentuk akan: tomorrow, next …(next week, next Sunday, dst), … to go (two days ago, an hour to go, dst). … to go berarti yang akan datang, sehingga an hour to go berarti satu jam yang akan datang. Dan untuk penggunaan was dan were disesuaikan dengan pertanyaan: apakah subjeknya bentuk jamak atau tungga? apakah kejadiannya sudah berlalu?

f. S + can, could+ be + Verb 3 + (by) + O : dapat di

dapat di …..

Contoh:

1. We can create new style of marketing strategy (active)

2. New style of marketing strategy can be created.(passive)

g. S + must + be + Verb 3 + (by) + O : harus di …

harus di …….

Contoh:

1. You must distribute these goods through the world.(active)

2. These goods must be distributed through the world. (passive)

Bentuk lampau dari must, yaitu had to

These product had to be distributed through the word

h . Are, am, is, was, were + S+ Verb3 + (by) + O + ?: apakah …di

apakah … di

Contoh:

1. Did you close the meeting yesterday? (active)

2. Was the meeting closed yesterday? (passive)

i. Shall/will akankah …. di

Can + S + be+ Verb 3 +(by)+ O+? :dapatkah …. di

Must haruskah … di

Contoh:

1. Shall our company produce new product? (active)

2. Shall new product be produced by our company? (passive)

Artikan kalimat di bawah ini:

1. Laporan ini harus diserahkan kepada pimpinan secepat mungkin.

2. Barang-barang ini telah dipak dan dicek sebelum dikirim.

3. Pesanan anda ditolak karena anda tidak memberi uang muka.

4. Apakah product ini diexport ke Jepang?

5. Haruskah pertemuan dibatalkan karena pimpinan kita tidak hadir?

6. Barang ini akan dikirim ke mana?

7. Siapa yang akan diijinkan untuk meninggalkan pertemuan?

8. Mengapa tawaran kita ditolak?

9. Dimana data-data itu disimpan?

10. Seberapa sering kesesuaian laporan dicek kembali dibersihkan?

11. Where are the applicants interviewed?

12. Where were the applicants interviewed yesterday?

13. Who will be dismissed?

14. Which one is going to be exported?

15. When were these items delivered?

16. what kinds of regulations will be applied?

DEGREES OF COMPARISONS

Tingkat perbandingan dalam bahasa Inggris ada tiga dan hanya adjective dan adverb of manner yang bisa dibuat untuk tingkat perbandingnan. Adapun ketiga tingkatan tersebut:

Tingkat positive as_____ as : se

Tingkat lebih : sartu atau dua suku kata tambahlah ___ er dan jika dibandingkan tambahlan than ____.dan untuk yang lebih dari suku kata tambahlah more____ dan jika dibandingkan tambahlah than ______.

Tingkat Paling : satu atau dua suku kata tambahlah the _____ est _____ of/ in_____. dan bila lebih dari dua suku kata, tambahlah The most _____ of/ in _________ .

Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs

1. One syllables adjective

Positive Comparative Superlative

dark darker than the darkest

old older than the oldest

tall taller than the tallest

strange stranger tahn the strangest

bright brighter than the brightest

new newer than the newest

Contoh: Heni is as tall as Ani and Ani is shorter than Maska, so Maska is the tallest of them (Ani and Heni.)

2. Two syllable adjective

Bentuk comparative digunakan more, dan untuk bentuk superlative digunakan most.

boring more boring than the most boring

careful more careful than the most careful

confused more confusses than The more confused

doubful more doubful the most doubful

famous more famous athe most famous

Contoh:

The red one is as important as the blue one.

The red one is more important than the blue one.

The most important one is how to solve our problem.

kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata dan berakhiran dengan –y, maka untuk bentuk comparative digunakan –er, dan untuk bentuk superlative digunakan –est. Akhiran –y terlebih dahulu diganti dengan –i.

Contoh:

Busy busier than the busiest

Easy easier the easiest

Happy happier the happiest

Heavy heavier the heaviest

Kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata dan berakhiran dengan –er, maka untuk bentuk comparative digunakan –er atau more, dan untuk bentuk superlative masing-masing menggunakan more dan most.

Clever cleverer than the cleverest

More clever than the most clver

Simple simpler than the simplest

More simple than the most simplest

3. Adjective with three or more syllable

Kata sifat yang terdiri dari tiga atau lebih suku kata, maka untuk comparative dan superlative masing-masing menggunakan more and most.

Contoh:

Frightening more frightening than the most frightening

Important more important the most important

Interesting more interesting the most interesting

Responsible more responsible the most responsible

4. Irreguler forms of Adjective

Bad worse than the worst

Far farther than the farthest

Good better than the best

Little less than the lest

Many/ much more than the most

5. – Ly Adverbs

Adverbs yang berakhiran dengan –ly, maka untuk bentuk comparative digunakan more dan untuk superlative digunakan most.

Contoh:

Carefully more carefully the most carefully

Clearly more clearly the most clearly

Quickly more quickly the most quickly

6. Adverbs that do not end in –ly

Adverb yang terdiri dari satu atau du suku kata, maka untuk comparative digunakan bentuk –er, dan untuk superlative digunakan bentuk –est.

Contoh:

Close closer than the closet

Fast faster than the fastest

Hard harder than the hardest

7. Irreguler forms of adverbs

Badly worse than the worst

Far farther than the farthest

Well better than the best.

Contoh:

11. An essay test is more difficult than an objective test.

12. An essay test is harder than an objective test.

13. An essay test is easier difficult than an objective test.

14. An essay test is the most difficult.

15. An essay test is the harderst.

16. An essay test is the easiest.

17. This ice cream is better than the other brands.

18. The ice cream is the best of all.

19. We finished the test the most rapidly of all

20. The more you review, the easier the patterns will be.

21. The prices are more expensive than those at a discount store.

NOUN CLAUSE (Klausa Nomina)

A noun clause is used as a subject and a object.

Contoh:

1. I don’t know where she lives.

2. I couldn’t hear what he said.

3. Do you know when they arrive?

4. I don’t know who she is.

5. I wonder whose house that is.

6. What she said surprised me.

7. I don’t know whether/if she will come.

8. I think that he is a good programmer.

Jika kata what, where, who, whose, that when diletakkan di tengah kalimat, maka setelah wh-2 tersebut langsung subjek, bukan kata kerja bantu. Contoh no. 4, bukan I don’t know where is she tetapi setelah where harus subjek dulu, jadi seperti no.4 tetapi kalau kelompok wh-2 digunakan sebagai kalimat tanya dan diletakkan di awal kalimat, maka setelah wh- 2 datang kata kerja bantu. Misal where is your file?, bukan where your file is? When did you complete your report? Bukan When you completed your report?

Perhatikan dialogue di bawah ini

You seem a bit upset – why is that?

Well, you see, I applied for a job that I saw advertised last month. But you didn’t get it?

No, I phoned first and then I wrote a longer leter. And the letter that I got back was just a photocopy ! It said that the job that I wanted had already been given to someone inside the company.

But you thought that it was still vacant?

Yes, the person who spoke to me on the phone told me the post was vacant.

How annoying?

Instead of that we can use which; instead of who we can use that . If, and only if, the subordinate clause (In italics in the examples) has a subject within it, we can omit who or that.

Is everything is OK with our order?

No, the documents (that/which) you mailed to us last week haven’t arrived.

Can I discuss the matter with someone else, please?

No, I’m afraid the person who/that knows about this is not available right now.

Whom is more common in formal writing than in conversation.

We might write:but we’d say:

The person to whom you spoke was … The person you spoke to was ..

The people with whom I am working .. The people I’m working with …

The man from whom I received the letter.. The man I got the letter from ..

Non Identifying Relative Clause

These are used to give more information about a known person or thing. They are more common in writing than in speech – again, notice the use of commas:

Alex, who wrote to you about this, is no longer wit our firm.

Getting a good job, which everyone has a right to, is not easy.

The application form, which is enclosed with this letter, must be returned to us by April 24.

Please telephone Maska, whose extension number is 999.

Mr Gay, to whom you spoke yesterday, is our Personnel Manager.

Three directors of PT. STAR are discussing the financial situation of their company. Marga is the firm’s chairman; his brother Maska, managing director; Ira is company secretary.

WORD FORMATION

Mengenali Bentuk Kata Benda Abstrak

Kata benda nyata, seperti table, teacher mudah dikenali dan bila berhubungan dengan kata sifat, maka posisinya, kata sifat dulu, baru kata benda (adj + noun). Contoh: smart worker, hard worker, dsb. Akan tetapi bagaimana mengenali kata benda yang abstrak (tdk dpt disentuh), seperti: penjelasan (explaination), pencapaian (achivement) dsb. Bila dalam bahasa Indonesia mempunyai ciri pe …..an, ke ………...an sedangkan dalam bahasa Inggris mempunyai cirri yang berakhiran dengan:

____ ment develop (v) menjadi development (noun)

achieve (v) menjadi achievement (noun)

agree (v) menjadi agreement (noun)

____ ship leader (noun) menjadi leadership (noun)

member (noun) menjadi membership (noun)

____ nce accept (v) menjadi acceptance (penerimaan)

confident (adj.) menjadi confidence (noun) keyakinan

____ty/ y difficult (adj) menjadi difficulty (kesulitan)

deliver (v) menjadi delivery (noun)

____ion decide (v) menjadi decision (n)

explain (V) menjadi explaination (n)

____ness good (adj) menjadi goodness (n)

careless (adj) menjadi carelessness (n) kesembronoan

jadi,akhiran tersebut di atas mempunyai padanan dalam bahasa Indonesia PE ….AN, KE….AN lalu bagaimana aplikasinya dalam kalimat? Meskipun kata-kata yang berakhiran dengan ion, ty dsb merupakan kata benda, tetapi tidak bisa dipasangkan dengan subjek: I, You, We, They, She, dan He seperti ‘I am development’ jika diterjemahkan ‘saya pemgembangan” meskipun penulisannya sudah sesuai dengan aturan bahwa kalau subjek ketemu dengan kata benda, maka antara subjek dan kata benda tersebut perlu kata kerja bantu, namun untuk kata benda abstrak tidak bisa. Contoh lain “ she is decision”, ‘dia keputusan’ seharusnya kalimat itu “ I decide” atau ‘My decision”. Jadi kata benda abstrak tersebut bisa mengikuti : My, Our, His, Her, Their, Its. Contoh, My sales achiemeny is exceed the target. Kemudian, bila kata benda abstrak ketemu dengan kata benda, maka gunakan penghubung of. Contoh, “The development of our marketing strategy tend to achieve its perfection”. “The letter of agreement has been signed”. Letter (noun), agreement (noun).

Mengenali bentuk kata sifat

Setelah mengetahui kata benda, maka harus mengetahui kata sifat, sehingga bisa dipadukan antara kata sifat dengan kata benda yang mana posisinya adjective + noun. Kata sifat yang selama ini dikenal seperti: lazy, clever dsb. Lalu apa ciriciri kata sifat itu? Ciri-ciri kata sifat berakhiran dengan:

_____ al technology (n) -------technological (adj)

practice (n)-----------practical (adj)

_____ ent differ (v)--------- -different(adj) perbedaan

confident (adj) yakin

_____ ive act (v)--------- active (adj)

produce (v)---- productive (adj)

____ able negotiate (v)-----negotiable (adj) able (dapat di), un….able (tdk dpt di)

accept (v)--------- unacceptable (adj) tdk dpt diterima

____ less care (v)----------- careless (adj) tdk peduli (sembrono)

hope (v)----------hopeless(adj) akhiran less berarti ‘tdk’.(putus asa)

____ ful care (v)--------careful (adj)

jadi, kata yang berakhiran ent, ive dsb merupakan kata sifat. Sekarang kita kombinasikan antara kata sifat dengan kata benda di atas. Contoh “perkembangan tekology sering digambarkan sebagai revolusi teknolgi”, “Technological development is often described as tecnological revolusion. Tecnological merupakan kata sifat yang berakhiran denan al, sedangakan development kata benda dengan cirri berakhiran ment, maka posisinya adj+noun. Coba terjemahkan kalimat ini, “sebagai seorang sales yang aktif, dia selalu mempunyai banyak aktivitas, jika tidak, dia akan putus asa dan akhirnya akan mengambil tindakan yang sembrono” langkah pertama yang dilakukan, identifkasi dulu kata benda dan kata sifat dulu, missal active (adj), action (n), careless (adj), hopeless (adj). Setelah itu padukan kata sifat dengan kata benda (posisi kata sifat mendahului kata benda). Jadi kalimat tersebut “As an active sales man, he always has many activities, if not, he will be hopeless and finally, he will careless action”.

Untuk lebih lanjut lihat contoh di bawah ini yang sudah sediakan kata asal sebelumnya, lalu kata pokok itu mengalami perubahan. Seperti no. 1 kata pokoknya ‘employ’ merupakan kata kerja yang berarti ‘memperkerjakan’ dan anda lihat perubahannya dalam kalimat berikutnya

1. EMPLOY

In an area of high unemployment people are desperate to find jobs.

Every employee of the firm is entitled to 10% discount.

Her employer gets very angry if she uses the phone too much.

I am looking for temporary employment during the summer holidays.

2. ENGAGE menggunakan

The line is engaged so I’ll have to try again later.

Cancel all my engagement for the rest of the day, please.

3. EXPENSE biaya

It’s expensive to send the goods by air but they’re needed urgently.

They offered her Rp. 100.000 plus expenses

Unfortunately expenditure on the project was much more than expected.

His expense claims are being looked at by the Chief Account.

4. EXPLAIN menjelaskan

If you read the explanatory .leaflet, everything should be clear.

We’re waiting for an explanation of his behavior in the meeting.

Untuk no 5 dan seterusnya, anda lihat jawabanya di bawah

5. EXTEND memperpanjang

We have decided to agree to their request for …………. credit.

Could I speak to Miss. Maska, please? I think it’s …….. 004

The factory was ………….. damaged in the fire.

To some ……. I agree with her conclusions.

6. FINANCE membiayai (verb), keuangan (noun)

Her …………….. adviser is convinced the project will be a success.

If the company is ………….. sound we might consider taking it over.

7. GROW tumbuh, bertambah

There is a ………… awareness of the need to improve productivity.

The government is worried about the ……….. in public expenditure.

8. IMPRESS kesan (noun), mengesankan (verb)

It’s important to create a good ……….. when meeting clients.

The results from our new French subsidiary are very ….

I’m afraid she was ……….. by our presentation.

9. INDUSTRY

In this high-tech world ………….. espionage is on the increase.

Mr. Fred, a prominent ……… will head the committee of inquiry.

In some of the more ………… countries pollution is a big problem.

10. INFLATE membumbung

I’ve no intention of paying such …………… prices!

At the moment ……….. in running at 20%

The government must take steps to halt the ………… spiral.

11. INFORM

Please let me know if you need any more …………

I enjoyed her talk. It was very ……………

I’m afraid you’ve been …………….. She no longer works for us.

12. INSTRUCT

The boss has left … that she’s not to be distributed.

I can’t make head nor tail of this ………… manual1

13. NTRODUCE

The chairman made some ……….. remarks and then she gave her talk.

I’d like to welcome Jane, who I am sure , needs no ………

14. INVEST

These shares have given me a good return on my …..

Small ………… were advised to hold on to their shares.

15. KNOW

We need somebody with a good working ………… of French.

Our company is virtually ………….. abroad.

She’s obviously very …………….. as far as marketing is concerned.

16. LEGAL

It’s ………….to sell such goods without a proper permit.

They questioned the ……….. of the company’s action.

Kunci jawaban no. 1-16

1. Unemployment, employee, employer, employment

2. Engaged, engagements

3. Expensive, expenses, expenditure, expense

4. Explanatory, explanation

5. Extended, extension, extensively, extent

6. Financial, financially

7. Growing, growth

8. Impression, impressive, unimpressed

9. Industrial, industrialist, industrialised/zed

10. Inflated, inflation, inflationary

11. Information, informative, misinformed

12. Instructions, instruction

13. Introductory, introduction

14. Investment, investor

15. Knowledge, unknown, knowledgeable

16. Illegal, legality

17. Accept menerima

I am sorry, but this arrangement is totally ………………….to. us.

I' ve just received their letter of ………………..so we can go a

head.

18. Act bertindak

The unions have threatened to take industrial …………

It' s been very ……………………….. day on the stock exchange.

The R&D departement seems full of …………….. at the moment.

19. Add menambah

We will be bringing out several ……………….. to our product line.

There is an …… bonus if I exceed my sales target by more than 10%.

20. Analyze menganalisa

We will need a detailed cost ……before giving final approval.

Most ………………………….think we're in for a difficult time.

21. Apply mengaplikasikan

Unfortunately we can't interview every …………………………….

I sent my letter of ……………….and they phoned me the next day.

The regulations are not ……………………..when there are fewer than 10 employees.

22. Assist

We will need some financial ……………………………..to enable us to buy more stock.

He was in a meeting so I spoke to the …….. ………..manager.

23. Attract menarik

One of the ……………….of the offer is the free training course.

They were offering a very …salary so of course I was interested.

24. Commerce perniagaan

There are so many …………………vehicles on the road these days!

I am afraid the scheme is not …………….viable.

As well as newspaper advertising, we plan a series of TV ………….

25. Connect

My …………….flight didn't leave until 10 o'clock.

We sent them letter in ………….. with their offer of an agency.

She has some useful ……………….. in the hotel trade.

26. Contract

The …………….has told me the office will be ready by next month.

We are …..obliged to provide adequate security for the shipment.

27. Direct

I enclose a map and ………………to help you to find our office.

The board of …….will make the final decision about the scheme.

I found the company by looking in the local trade ………………

I always deal ………………with the manufacturer.

There has been another ….from head office about photocopying.

28. Decide

He will never make a good manager. He is so …………..

A ……………on the factory is expected soon.

29. Differ membedakan

Installing air conditioning has made all the ……………..

We have decided to try a …………….supplier his time.

We will have to agree to …….I still think it would be better to go by road.

30. Distribute

He's the sole ………..in this area, so we're forced to buy from him.

The increase in petrol prices will push up our ………………costs.

31. Economy

We must ………………….on electricity, so switch off those lights.

All those wonderful …haven't found a solution to your problems.

Kunci jawaban no.17-31

Unacceptable (adj)

Acceptance (n) penerimaan

Action (n)

Active (adj)

Activity (n) aktivitas

Additions (n) penjumlahan

Additional (adj) tambahan

Analysis (n) analisa

Analyst (n) analis

Applicant (n) pelamar

Application (n) lamaran

Applicable (adj) dapat dipakai

Assistance (n) bantuan

Assistant (n) pembantu

Attractions (n)pertunjukkan.acara

Attractive (adj) menarik

Commercial (n) iklan

Commercially (kk)

Commercialised (kki) menglomersilkan

commercials

connecting (n)

connection (n) in c with berkenaan dengan

connections

contractor (n)

contractually (kk)dengan perjanjian

directions (n) petunjuk

directors (n)

directory (n) petunjuk

directly (kk) secara langsung

directive (n) intruksi

indesicisive (adj)bimbang

decision (n) keputusan

difference (n) perbedaan

different (adj) berbeda

differ (v) membedakan

distributor (n) penyalur

distribution (n) penyaluran

economise (kki) berhemat, menghemat

economist (n) ahli ekonomi

Translate these sentences into English:

1. Proposal Anda tidak bisa diterima karena tidak memenuhi persyaratan yang telah ditetapkan oleh pemimpin projek.

2. Daerah indusri ditetapkan di pinggiran kota sedangan daerah pendidikan dilokasikan di kota.

3. Bantuan keuangan yang menarik akan membantu pemerintah dalam mengatasi harga barang yang tidak stabil.

4. Seandainya, Anda diterima di perusahaan ini, lalu ada perusahaan lain menawarkan gaji yang libih menarik dan lebih besar, apakah anda mau pindah atau tidak?Jika begitu, mengapa?

RELATIVE CLAUSE

Subject or object • Subject or object

Relative clauses give extra information about a noun in the main clause. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun (who, which, that, whom, whose). The relative pronoun can be the subject of the clause:

That's the woman who bought my car.

The woman (subject) bought my car (object). Or the object of the clause:

That's the car that I used to own.

I (subject) used to own the car (object).

• Combining sentences

Note how sentences are combined.

Subject: This is Jean. She bought my car.

Jean is the person who bought my car. She is not repeated, as the person is the subject. Object: That is Jean's car. I used to own it. That's the car that I used to own.

It is not repeated, as the car is the object.

Defining or non-defining • Defining

Defining clauses give important information which tells us exactly what is being referred to.

That book which you lent me is really good.

This indicates which book we are talking about. Without the relative clause,

it might be difficult to understand the meaning.

• Non-defining

Non-defining clauses add extra information. They are separated by commas

in writing, and by a pause on either side (where the commas are) in

speaking.

The book, which I hadn't read, was still on the shelf.

This gives extra information about the book. We could miss out the relative

clause and the meaning would still be clear. Omitting the relative pronoun •

Defining relative clauses

In a defining relative clause we can leave out the relative pronoun if it is the object of the clause.

That's the car (that) I used to own. We cannot miss out the relative pronoun if it is the subject of the clause.

That's the woman who bought my car.

• Non-defining relative clauses

In a non-defining relative clause we cannot leave out the relative pronoun.

RELATVE CLAUSES

Which, who and • That instead of which

that When we talk about things, that is often used instead of which. This is very

common in speech.

Is this the house that you bought?

- That instead of who

When we talk about people, that can be used instead of who. This is less common, but we still do it, especially in speech. Have you met the boy that Sue is going to marry?

• Which in non-defining clauses

That cannot be used to introduce a non-defining clause.

The hotel, which was a hundred years old, was very comfortable.

• Prepositions

That cannot be used after a preposition.

This is the car (that/which) I paid £2000 for. (speech) This is the car for which I paid £2000. (formal)

Whom and whose - Whom is the object form of who. It has to be used after prepositions. Its use is formal and quite rare.

This is the person (who) I sold my car to. (speech)

This is the person to whom I sold my car. (formal)

• Whose means of whom, and usually refers to people.

This is Jack. His sister is staying with us. This is Jack, whose sister is staying with us.

LANGUAGE PRACTICE

1 Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.

a) I think that my boss is the person who I admire most.

b) Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early.

c) We're taking the train that leaves at 6.00.

d) Have you seen the book that I left here on the desk?

e) The film which we liked most was the French one.

f) My radio, which isn't very old, has suddenly stopped working.

g) The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk. h) The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner. i) Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn't seen for ages. j) Don't cook the meat that I put in the freezer - it's for the dog.

2 Replace the relative pronouns in italics with that, where possible.

a) This is the magazine which I told you about.

.This is the magazine that I told you about.

b) John's flat, which is in the same block as mine, is much larger.

c) The girl whose bag I offered to carry turned out to be an old friend.

d) The policeman who arrested her had recognised her car.

e) I work with someone who knows you.

f) We don't sell goods which have been damaged.

g) Brighton, which is on the south coast, is a popular holiday resort. h) I don't know anyone whose clothes would fit you.

i) There's a cafe near here which serves very good meals. j) People who park outside get given parking tickets.

3 Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.

a) My friend Jack, that/who/ whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.

b) Here's the computer program that/whom/whose I told you about.

c) I don't believe the story that/who/whom she told us.

d) Peter comes from Witney, that/who/which is near Oxford.

e) This is the gun with that/whom/which the murder was committed.

f) Have you received the parcel whom/whose/which we sent you?

g) Is this the person who/which/whose you asked me about?

h) That's the girl that/who/whose brother sits next to me at school. i) The meal, that/which/whose wasn't very tasty, was quite expensive. j) We didn't enjoy the play that/who/whose we went to see.

4 Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.

a) My bike, which.... I had left at the gate, had disappeared.

b) The shoes I bought were the ones I tried on first.

c) The bag in the robbers put the money was found later.

d) The medicine the doctor gave me had no effect at all.

e) Peter, couldn't see the screen, decided to change his seat.

f) I really liked that tea you made me this morning.

g) What was the name of your friend tent we borrowed?

h) The flight Joe was leaving on was cancelled.

5 Make one new sentence from each pair of sentences. Begin as shown, and use the word given in capitals.

a) Brenda is a friend. I went on holiday with her. WHO Brendais ..the friend who I went on holiday with.

b) This is Mr Smith. His son Bill plays in our team. WHOSE This is Mr Smith

c) Her book was published last year. It became a best seller. WHICH Her book

d) This is the bank. We borrowed the money from it. WHICH This is the bank from

e) I told you about a person. She is at the door. WHO The person

f) Jack's car had broken down. He had to take a bus. WHOSE Jack,

6 Make one sentence from each group of sentences, beginning as shown.

a) The hotel was full of guests. The hotel was miles from anywhere. The guests had gone here to admire the scenery.

The hotel, which was miles from anywhere, was full of guests .who had gone there to admire the scenery

b) I lent you a book. It was written by a friend of mine. She lives in France. The book I

c) A woman's jewels were stolen. A police officer was staying in the same hotel. The woman was interviewed by him.

The woman whose

d) A goal was scored by a teenager. He had come on as substitute. This goal won the match.

The goal which

e) I was sitting next to a boy in the exam. He told me the answers. The boy I

f) My wallet contained over £100. It was found in the street by a schoolboy. He returned it.

My wallet,

g) My friend Albert has decided to buy a motorbike. His car was stolen last week. My friend Albert,

h) Carol is a vegetarian. I cooked a meal for her last week. She enjoyed it.

Carol,

7 Put one suitable word in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.

Murder At The Station by Lorraine Small. Episode 5. Trouble on the 6.15. The story

so far: Jane Platt, (1) who is travelling to London because of a

mysterious letter, is the only person (2) witnesses a murder at

Victoria Station. The detective to (3) she gives her statement then

disappears. Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter (4)

she had received. There she discovers that her uncle Gordon, (5)

INDIRECT SPEECH

Explanations

With tense • Summary of tense changes

changes Tenses move back in time after a past tense reporting verb.

'I agree.' Peter said he agreed.

I'm leaving.' Jane said she was leaving. But the past perfect remains the same.

'No, I hadn't forgotten.' Greg said that he hadn't forgotten. For odals (can, may, must, should)

• Main verb changes

In complex sentences, only the first verb is changed. 'I was walking ome when I saw the accident.' James said he had been walking home hen he saw the accident.

• Reference words

Some words referring to people, places and time change in indirect speech, because the point of reference changes.

'I'll see you here tomorrow, Jack,' said Mary.

Mary told Jack she would see him there the next day.

'I gave you this yesterday.' John said he had given it to her the day before. Other words of this kind appear in the Practice section.

Without tense • Present tense reports

changes If the reporting verb is in the present tense, there is no change.

Brenda says she's arriving at about 6.00.

• Past tense reports

If the reported words are 'always true', there is no change.

Harry told me that he still likes you. If a message is being repeated immediately, there is no change.

Mary said she's too busy to come.

Questions • Reporting questions

Yes/No questions are reported using if. The verb does not have a question form, but has the form of a normal statement. There is no question mark.

'Do you like hamburgers?

Charles asked me if I liked hamburgers. Wh- questions are reported with the question word. The verb has the form of a normal statement. There is no question mark.

'Where are we going?' I asked Sue where we were going.

• Reporting polite questions

We can use a phrase like Could you tell me or Do you know to ask for information in a polite way. Note the word order.

'Where is the station?' 'Could you tell me where the station is?' When we report this kind of question we use ask and the usual tense change rules.

I asked him where the station was.

Commands and • Commands are reported with tell and the infinitive.

requests 'Go away!' He told me to go away.

- Requests are reported with ask and the infinitive. 'Please help me.' He asked her to help him.

Reporting verbs • Say or tell?

We say something and we tell somebody.

I said I could meet you this evening, but I'm really busy.

I told you I could meet you this evening, but I'm really busy. We can use to after say, but we never use to between tell and the object.

/ said to him that I'd meet him this evening.

• Other reporting verbs

Exercises 8 and 9 in the Practice section use some other common reporting verbs. The meaning and grammar of each verb can be found in a good dictionary and should be learned. For example:

She suggested going to the beach. (suggest + -ing form)

She offered to give me a lift. {offer + infinitive)

She reminded me to call my mother. (remind + object + infinitive)

Paraphrase It is often impossible or unnecessary to report every word spoken.

'Excuse me, do you think you could tell me the time?' He asked me what the time was.

1 Underline the most suitable verb form in each sentence.

a) Helen asked me if I liked visiting old buildings.

Do you like/Did you like visiting old buildings?' asked Helen.

b) Bill asked Mary if she had done anything the previous weekend. 'Have you done /Did you do anything last weekend?'

c) The policeman asked me if the car belonged to me. 'Does/Did this car belong to you?' asked the policeman.

d) Fiona asked me if I had seen her umbrella anywhere.

'Did you see/Have you seen my umbrella anywhere?' asked Fiona.

e) Joe asked Tina when she would get back. 'When will you get/have you got back?' asked Joe.

f) Eddie asked Steve who he had been to the cinema with. 'Who did you go/had you been to the cinema with?' asked Eddie.

g) My parents asked me what time I had got home the night before. 'What time did you get/have you got home last night?' my parents asked.

h) David asked a passer-by if it was the right road for Hastings. 'Is/Was this the right road for Hastings?' asked David.

2 Rewrite each sentence as direct speech.

a) Graham told Ian he would see him the following day.

..I'll see you tomorrow, Ian,' said Graham.

b) Pauline told the children their swimming things were not there.

c) David told me my letter had arrived the day before.

d) Shirley told Larry she would see him that evening.

e) Bill told Stephen he hadn't been at home that morning.

f) Margaret told John to phone her on the following day.

g) Tim told Ron he was leaving that afternoon.

h) Christine told Michael she had lost her lighter the night before.

3 Rewrite each sentence as indirect speech, beginning as shown.

a) 'You can't park here.'

The police officer told Jack ...tkfti..h&.fAliXdxC.t.pAT.k,.th&C^

b) 'I'll see you in the morning, Helen.'

Peter told Helen

c) 'I'm taking the 5.30 train tomorrow evening.'

Janet said

d) 'The trousers have to be ready this afternoon.'

Paul told the dry-cleaners

e) 'I left my umbrella here two days ago.'

Susan told them

f) 'The parcel ought to be here by the end of next week.'

Brian said

g) 'I like this hotel very much.'

Diana told me

h) 'I think it's going to rain tonight.'

William said

4 Rewrite each question in indirect speech, beginning as shown.

a) 'What time does the film start, Peter?'

I asked Peter what time the film started.

b) 'Do you watch television every evening, Chris?'

The interviewer asked

c) 'Why did you apply for this job?' asked the sales manager.

The sales manager asked me

d) 'Are you taking much money with you to France?'

My bank manager wanted to know

e) 'When will I know the results of the examination?'

Maria asked the examiner

f) 'Are you enjoying your flight?'

The flight attendant asked me

g) 'How does the photocopier work?'

I asked the salesman

h) 'Have you ever been to Japan, Paul?'

Sue asked Paul

5 Complete the sentences. Use the number of words given in brackets.

a) 'Do you think you could possibly tell me what the time is?'

David asked me ....£0..telL.kittl..£h£:.£im& (five words

b) 'Excuse me, but I wonder if you'd mind opening the window.'

The man sitting next to me asked me

(four words)

c) 'You go down this street, turn left, then take the second turning on the right The cinema is just down the street on the left.'

A passer-by told me how (five words

d) 'I want to know how much this bike costs. Can you tell me?'

John asked how (four words

e) 'Look, don't worry, I'll help you if you like.'

Sue said she (three words

f) 'All right, I tell you what, the car's yours for £500.'

The salesman said I could (five words

g) T hope you don't mind my saying this, but you're being a bit silly aren't you?'

Peter told me I (five words

h) 'It doesn't look as if I'll be arriving until after eight, I'm afraid.'

Jane said she probably (five words

6 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning.

a) What time does the next boat leave?

Do you think you could tell me what time the next boat leaves

b) Where can I change some money?

Can you tell me

c) Where is the toilet?

Could you possibly tell me

d) How much does this pullover cost?

I'd like to know

e) How do I get to Victoria Station?

Can you explain

f) Does this train go to Gatwick Airport?

Could you tell me

g) Where do you come from?

Would you mind telling me

h) What do you think of London?

Do you think you could tell me

7 Put the correct form of either say, tell or ask in each space.

a) I told you that you had to be on time. Why are you late?

b) When you her if she'd work late, what did she

c) I think that Alan us a lie abut his qualifications.

d) When I him what he was doing there, he

me it was none of my business.

e) I I would help you, so here I am.

f) Did you hear what Sheila about her new job?

g) What did Carol you about her holiday?

h) There, you see! I you the bus would be on time.

8 Put the correct form of one of the verbs in the box into each space.

a) 'No, it's not true, I didn't steal the money!'

Jean denied stealing the money/that she had stolen the money.

b) 'Why don't we go to the cinema this evening?'

Peter going to the cinema/that they went to the cinema.

c) 'I've broken your pen. I'm awfully sorry, Jack.' David for breaking Jack's pen.

d) 'Don't forget to post my letter, will you, Sue?' Diana Sue to post her letter.

e) 'Let me carry your suitcase, John.'

Harry to carry John's suitcase.

f) 'All right, it's true, I was nervous.'

The leading actor to being nervous/that he had been nervous.

g) 'I don't think Liverpool will win.'

Vanessa whether Liverpool would win.

h) 'If I were you, Bill, I'd buy a mountain bike.'

Stephen Bill to buy a mountain bike.

i) 'You murdered Lord Digby, didn't you, Colin!'

The inspector Colin of murdering Lord Digby.

j) 'It was me who stole the money,' said Jim.

Jim to stealing the money.

k) 'Right. I'll take the brown pair.'

Andrew to take the brown pair.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONS

Explanations

• What are functions?

We can describe language by using words to talk about grammar (grammatical description). But we can also describe language by saying how it is used. This is the function of the language (functional description). If I were you, I'd leave now. grammatical description: second conditional functional description: giving advice

• Choosing what to say

Our choice of words can be influenced by the situation we are in, by the person we are talking to, and by what we are talking about. Compare these different phrases for asking permission. Asking permission from a friend:

Is it all right if I use the phone? Asking permission from the same person, but about a more serious topic:

Do you think I could possibly phone Australia? Asking permission from a stranger:

Do you mind if I open the window? The first example was informal and friendly. The second two examples were more formal and polite. There are no exact rules about when to use an informal phrase and when to use a polite phrase, but usually we use polite language when we:

• talk to strangers or people we don't know well.

• talk to people who have higher status.

• talk about sensitive topics.

• This unit practises the following functions and possible responses.

Asking for and giving advice

Agreeing and disagreeing

Apologising

Complaining

Ending a conversation

Asking for and giving directions

Greeting

Asking how someone is

Asking for information

Introducing yourself and others

Inviting

Accepting and declining invitations

Offering something

Offering to do something

Match each sentence (a-j) with a function from 1-10.

a) That's very kind of you, I'd love to 4

b) Well, it's been nice talking to you, but I'm afraid I have to go

c) Could you tell me how to get to the post office?

d) You might have told me you were having a party!

e) Shall I carry this bag for you?

f) What do you think I should do?

g) Actually, I don't think that's right

h) Would you like to come round for a drink later?

i) Jack, this is my brother, Mark

j) Could you tell me what time the bank opens?

1 Complaining 6 Asking for directions

2 Inviting 7 Introducing other people

3 Asking for information 8 Offering to do something

4 Accepting an invitation 9 Disagreeing

5 Asking for advice 10 Ending a conversation

2 Match each sentence (a-j) with a function from 1-10.

a) Would you like some more tea? .6.

b) I think you'd better phone the police

c) I'd love to come, but I'm already going out that evening

d) Good morning, I'm Brenda Watson, the Marketing Manager

e) I'm sorry I'm late - it won't happen again

f) Would you like me to do the washing-up?

g) Excuse me, but is the bus station anywhere near here?

h) Hi, Sally, how are you?

i) I think that's the point exactly

j) It's at the end of this street, opposite the church

3 Choose the most suitable response.

a) Do you feel like going to the cinema this evening? 1) That would be great.

2) Thank you very much for your kind invitation.

b) More coffee anybody?

1) Would it be all right if I had some more?

2) I'd love some.

c) I wish you wouldn't smoke in here!

1) I don't agree, I'm afraid.

2) Sorry, shall I open the window?

d) Well, it was nice talking to you, but I have to dash.

1) Yes, I enjoyed talking to you too.

2) OK, see you.

e) Could you tell me whether this train stops at Hatfield?

1) I believe I could.

2) I believe it does.

f) Shall I collect the tickets for you?

1) That would be a real help.

2) Yes, I think you shall.

g) What would you do in my situation?

1) I think you should ask for a loan from the bank.

2) I thought you would ask for a loan from the bank. h) How do you do. I'm Bill Thompson.

1) Very well thank you.

2) How do you do.

Explanations

This unit practises the following functions and possible responses.

Things to say on special occasions or at special moments

Asking for and giving an opinion

Pausing to think

Asking for permission

Giving and refusing permission

Expressing preferences

Promising

Reassuring

Recommending

Refusing to do something

Making and responding to a request

Suggesting

Thanking

1. Match each sentence (a-j) with a function from 1-10.

a) Wait a minute, let me see 5.

b) What did you think of the film, then?

c) I'll definitely bring your camera back tomorrow

d) Would it be all right if I left a bit early today?

e) Sorry, no, I won't do it

f) Could you possibly turn on the air conditioning?

g) I think I'd rather have fish, actually.

h) Why don't we have a party next weekend?

i) That's very kind of you, I appreciate it

j) Don't worry, everything will turn out all right

1 Promising 6 Making a request

2 Refusing 7 Thanking

3 Suggesting 8 Asking for an opinion

4 Expressing a preference 9 Reassuring

5 Pausing to think 10 Asking permission

2 Match each sentence (a-j) with a function from 1-10.

a) Congratulations! 4 f) Excuse me!

b) Look out! g) Pardon?

c) Oh bother! h) Bless you!

d) Whoops! i) Cheers!

e) Well done! j) You poor thing!

1 Praising someone's performance

2 Expressing annoyance

3 Wishing someone good health when drinking

4 Expressing happiness at someone's success

5 Attracting attention or asking someone to move out of your way

6 Expressing sympathy

7 Expressing that something has/has nearly gone wrong

8 Giving a warning

9 Showing that you have misheard or misunderstood 10 Said when another person sneezes

3 Choose the most suitable response.

a) What do you think of my new car? 1) It's all right I suppose.

2) I think a lot.

b) Do you promise to pay me back at the end of the month?

1) I'll pay.

2) I promise.

c) Can I use your phone?

1) You may not.

2) Of course.

d) Where do you suggest I stay?

1) I recommend the Hilton.

2) Let's stay at the Hilton.

e) Do you want beer or wine?

1) I'd prefer beer, please.

2) I'd rather beer, please.

f) I can't stop worrying about my exam tomorrow.

1) That's all right, never mind.

2) I'm sure you'll do well.

g) Janet, make us some tea, will you?

1) No I won't, I'm afraid.

2) I can't, I'm afraid.

h) Would you mind moving your bag from the seat?

1) Oh, sorry.

2) No, I wouldn't.

i) How kind, you really shouldn't have bothered.

1) It was nothing, really.

2) Don't worry, I didn't bother. j) Is it all right if I use your bike?

1) Please accept it with my best wishes.

2) Sure, go ahead.

Rabu, 01 Agustus 2012

FUNGSI TO BE

II. Fungsi to HAVE

S + have/has / had + noun: mempunyai.

2. Telah /Sudah

3. Harus

III. Membuat kalimat APAKAH

3. Membuat kalimat APAKAH di tengah kalimat

V. Bagaimana mengenali Subject?

5) IT

Bentuk Ing form setelah preposisi:

PASSIVE VOICE

Penjelasan

DEGREES OF COMPARISONS

bright brighter than the brightest

Clever cleverer than the cleverest

Bad worse than the worst

Badly worse than the worst

NOUN CLAUSE (Klausa Nomina)

A noun clause is used as a subject and a object.

6. What she said surprised me.

Instead of that we can use which; instead of who we can use that . If, and only if, the subordinate clause (In italics in the examples) has a subject within it, we can omit who or that.

WORD FORMATION

Mengenali Bentuk Kata Benda Abstrak

Mengenali bentuk kata sifat

1. EMPLOY

2. ENGAGE menggunakan

3. EXPENSE biaya

4. EXPLAIN menjelaskan

5. EXTEND memperpanjang

6. FINANCE membiayai (verb), keuangan (noun)

7. GROW tumbuh, bertambah

8. IMPRESS kesan (noun), mengesankan (verb)

9. INDUSTRY

10. INFLATE membumbung

12. INSTRUCT

13. NTRODUCE

14. INVEST

15. KNOW

16. LEGAL

Kunci jawaban no. 1-16

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